Showing 148 results for Sit
Girsha Cahya Maharani, Anne Zulfia Syahrial,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Materials that are applied to combat vehicles require an innovation as the development of the military world advances. The material innovation in this research is a lightweight hybrid laminated Al7075 composites. The main materials used in this research are aluminum 7075 plate, kevlar 29, silicon carbide (SiC) nano powder, and epoxy resin. SiC nano powder is mixed with polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), then ethanol is added so that it becomes a shear thickening fluid (STF) solution which is used to impregnate kevlar. Laminate composites were prepared using the hand lay-up method with epoxy resin as an additive between layers of kevlar and aluminum 7075 plates. The thickness of laminates is various due to the number of kevlar used different of each laminated that is 8, 16, and 24 layers. The results of this study show that the composite with impregnated kevlar has higher ballistic and impact resistance values than the composite with non-impregnated kevlar, which has good potential as a base material for combat vehicles such as tanks. This is also supported by the Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) results to determine the level of absorbance of the functional groups identified in impregnated kevlar and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results of the distribution of nano SiC filler that infiltrated to the empty space in the kevlar fiber.
Parasuraman Dhanasekaran, Ramakrishnan Marimuthu,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Fossil fuels served as the main source of energy throughout the 1800s when the industrial revolution got underway. Countries started aiming for carbon-neutral footprints and lowered emissions as environmental degradation became more apparent. Numerous research projects have been undertaken to discover a photovoltaic device that can replace conventional silicon (Si)-based solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have undergone extensive research during the past three decades. Due to their straightforward preparation process, low cost, ease of production, and low toxicity, DSSCs have seen extensive use. The reader will be able to comprehend the numerous types of TCO layers, physical methods for depositing metal oxide on TCO thin films, materials for fabricating the various DSSC layers, and the various types of dyes included in DSSC as well as their components and structures. The reader's ability to construct the DSSC, gain a general understanding of how it operates, and increase the effectiveness of these devices' potential growth and development paths are all aided by this review. For these technologies to be debated and shown to be appropriate for a breakthrough in consumer electronics on the market, manufacturing, stability, and efficiency improvements must also be addressed in the future. An overview of current DSSC prototype development and products from major firms is presented.
Behzad Rahimzadeh, Maisam Jalaly, Mehrdad Roshan,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Considering the widespread use of aluminum composites in various industries and the emergence of nanomaterials such as graphene and boron nitrite (BN) with their unique properties, aluminum-based nanocomposite reinforced by the graphene-BN hybrid was fabricated at different percentages. For this purpose, the graphene-BN hybrid was prepared and subjected to wet milling along with the aluminum powder. The mechanical properties of the final nanocomposite which was consolidated using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method were examined. Aluminum-based composite specimens containing 1 wt.% graphene–0 wt.% BN (AGB1), 0.95 wt.% graphene–0.05 wt.% BN (AGB2), 0.90 wt.% graphene–0.1 wt.% BN (AGB3), and 0.85 wt.% graphene–0.15 wt.% BN (AGB4) were fabricated and compared with non-reinforced aluminum (AGB0). The hardness values of 48.1, 51.1, 56.2, 54.1, and 43.6 Hv were obtained for AGB0, AGB1, AGB2, AGB3, and AGB4, respectively. Additionally, tensile strengths of these specimens were 67.2, 102.1, 129.5, 123.7, and 114.7 MPa, respectively. According to the results of the hardness and tensile tests, it was revealed that the AGB2 specimen had the highest tensile strength (93% higher than AGB0 and 27% higher than AGB1) and hardness (17% higher than AGB0 and 10% higher than AGB1).
Zahra Shamohammadi Ghahsareh, Sara Banijamali, Alireza Aghaei,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (6-2023)
Abstract
Various analysis techniques were used to investigate the effects of P2O5 on the crystallization, mechanical features, and chemical resistance of canasite-based glass-ceramics. The results showed that canasite-type crystals were the primary crystalline phase in the examined glass-ceramics subjected to the two-step heat treatment, while fluorapatite was the secondary crystalline phase in some specimens. The microstructural observations by field emission electron microscope indicated that the randomly oriented interlocked blade-like canasite crystals decreased with an increase in the P2O5 content of the parent glasses. Among the examined glass-ceramics, the Base-P2 composition (containing 2 weight ratios of P2O5 in the glass) showed the most promising mechanical features (flexural strength of 176 MPa and fracture toughness of 2.9 MPa.m1/2) and chemical resistance (solubility of 2568 µg/cm2). This glass-ceramic could be further considered as a core material for dental restorations.
Husna Hanifa, Eka Cahya Prima, Andhy Setiawan, Endi Suhendi, Brian Yuliarto,
Volume 20, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Abstract
In the third generation of solar cells, cheaper absorbent layers such as Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) have been developed with specifications similar to Cu2InGaS4 (CIGS). This CZTS material is known as a material with good structural and optical properties where the CZTS material has a series of atoms bonded to each other to form a kesterite or stannite crystal arrangement. In its use as an absorbent layer for solar cells, CZTS material is synthesized using the electrochemical deposition method. In this electrochemical deposition technique, an electrical circuit will be connected to the electrode and inserted into the electrolyte. Several voltage variations from 1 volt to 5 volts will be applied to the electrical circuit, which will then trigger ions from the precipitating material in the electrolyte to stick to one of the electrodes. Variation of deposition voltage was carried out to determine the effect of deposition stress on the electrochemical deposition method on the characteristics of the CZTS absorbent layer. The characterizations used are X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis Spectrometry, and I-V meter. XRD results show that the resulting crystal size is getting smaller with greater deposition voltage around 6.07 - 7.27 nm. The optical absorption results show that the CZTS absorber layer is sensitive at low wavelengths around 300 – 480 m,, with Light Harvesting Efficiency (LHE) ranging from 13.3 - 24.75%. The band gap energy values obtained ranged from 1.4 to 1.48 eV. The cell efficiency test results show an excellent efficiency value according to the reference ranges from 2.56-8.77%. These results indicate that the deposition voltage affects the characteristics of the CZTS absorbent layer for solar cell applications.
Nguyen Vu Uyen Nhi, Doan Duong Xuan Thuy, Do Quang Minh, Kieu Do Trung Kien,
Volume 20, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Abstract
This paper introduces a method for producing red copper glaze by adding copper oxide (CuO) and silicon carbide (SiC) additives to the base glaze. SiC created a reducing environment in situ and allowed the glaze to be sintered in an oxidizing furnace environment. Nanocrystals are the determinants of the red color of the glaze. The CuO reduction reaction temperature range of SiC produces a reducing environment in the glaze as detected by the method (DSC). The functional group and phase of nanocrystals were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy.
Deepak Jagannathana, Hiriyannaiah Adarsha, Keshavamurthy Ramaiah, Ramkumar Prabhud,
Volume 20, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Abstract
Several extensive researches are being carried out in the field of 3D printing. Polymer matrices, such as High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), are less explored in particular on the microstructure and mechanical properties of HDPE composites developed via Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) process. Very scarce amount of works is devoted to study HDPE’s reinforced with carbon nano-tubes (CNT’s) . In the present work, we report on the mechanical properties of HDPE composites prepared via FDM process. Varying proportions of CNTs ( 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%) are used as reinforcements. It is found that increasing CNT content enhances impact and tensile strength, with HDPE/2.0%CNT outperforming pure HDPE by approximately 71.6% and 25.4%, respectively. HDPE/2.0%CNT composite also showed Young's modulus approximately 49.2% higher than pure HDPE. According to fracture analysis, pure HDPE failed near ductile, whereas composites failed brittle. CNTs occupy the free positions in the polymeric chains, and their tendency to restrict chain mobility causes HDPE to lose ductility and begin to behave brittle. The use of CNTs as reinforcement successfully improved the mechanical properties of HDPE.
Ayça Tanrıverdi, Saniye Tekerek,
Volume 20, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Abstract
In this study, zinc chloride (ZnCl) was used as a precursor chemical to form boron reinforced zinc oxide (ZnO:B) particles. The supercapacitor performance of the reduced graphene oxide/boron reinforced zinc oxide (RGO/ZnO:B) composite electrodes produced by hydrothermal methods, and the impact of different boron doping ratios on the capacitance, were both examined. The characterization of the RGO/ZnO:B composites containing 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% boron by weight were performed using X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The capacitance measurements of the electrodes produced were conducted in a 6 M KOH aqueous solution with a typical three electrode setup using Iviumstat potentiostat/galvanostatic cyclic voltammetry. The specific capacitance value of the 20% reinforced RGO/ZnO:B composite electrode was 155.88 F/g, while that of the RGO/ZnO composite electrode was 36.37 F/g. According to this result, the capacitance increased four-fold with a 20% boron doping concentration. Moreover, a longer cycle performance was observed for the RGO/ZnO:B electrodes with higher boron doping concentrations.
Saeedeh Mansoury, Maisam Jalaly, Mohammad Khalesi Hamedani,
Volume 20, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
In this study, an epoxy-based nanocomposite reinforced with copper oxide-graphene oxide hybrid was investigated. Initially, the hybrid powder of CuO–GO with a weight ratio of 9:1 was prepared. The hybrid filler with different weight percentages ranging from 0.1–0.5 was used to reinforce the epoxy resin. The prepared samples were analyzed using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, TEM, and tensile testing. According to the XRD results and SEM images, the hybrid powder was successfully prepared, and the mechanical testing results showed an improvement in tensile strength in the composite samples. The best composite sample in terms of tensile strength was the one containing 0.3 wt% of hybrid reinforcement, which exhibited a 73% increase in strength compared to the neat resin sample.
Pravin Jadhav, R.s.n Sahai, Deepankar Biswas, Asit Samui,
Volume 20, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
The present work deals with the effect of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) and functionalized (carboxyl and amine) MWCNT on the mechanical properties of the PAEK (Poly Aryl Ether Ketone) polymer composite. The MWCNT and functionalized (carboxyl and amine) MWCNT concentration varied as 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 weight percentages. Compositeswere prepared by using a melt compounding method using a twin-screw extruder and all testing samples were prepared using an injection molding machine as per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Samples were tested for tensile strength, impact strength, flexural strength, heat deflection temperature, hardness, and density. There is an increase in the tensile strength, impact strength, flexural strength, and heat deflection temperature, with percentage increase in filler loading up to 0.5 %, followed by decrease in it with higher filler loading. The increase is maximum for amine functionalized MWCNT.
Hossein Momeni, Sasan Ranjbar Motlagh,
Volume 21, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
The present work deals with the hot deformation behavior of commercial Nb alloy C-103 and its microstructure evolution during uniaxial compression tests in the temperature range of 700-1100 °C and the strain rate range of 0.001-0.4 s-1. Strain rate sensitivity, calculated from the compression tests data, was almost constant and showed a negative value in the temperature range of 700-900 °C but increased significantly beyond 900 °C. Dynamic strain aging was found to have a predominant effect up to 900 °C, beyond which dynamic recovery and oxidation influenced the compressive properties. The microstructure of the deformed samples showed indications of dynamic recrystallization within the high strain rate sensitivity domain and features of flow instability in the regime of low strain rate sensitivity. The 950–1000 °C temperature range and strain rate range of 0.001-0.1 s-1 were suggested as suitable hot deformation conditions. The constitutive equation was established to describe the alloy's flow behavior, and the average activation energy for plastic flow was calculated to be 267 kJ/mol.
Tushar Wagh, Sagar Mane, Gotan Jain, Madhavrao Deore,
Volume 21, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
Nowadays metal oxide nanoparticles and transition metal dichalcogenides play a vital role in various areas like optical sensors, solar cells, energy storage devices, gas sensors and biomedical applications. In the current research work, we synthesized ZrSe2 nanoparticles by hydrothermal method. The ZrSe2 nanoparticles were synthesis using precursors such as ZrOCl2.8H2O and Na2SeO3.5H2O in the addition of surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonia bromide CTAB and reductant hydrazine hydrate, respectively. By using synthesized ZrSe2 nanopowder thick films were developed on a glass substrate
using the screen printing method. The structural properties of ZrSe2 powder were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the hexagonal crystal structure and crystalline size were found to be 55.75 nm. The thick films of ZrSe2 were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The surface morphological analysis of ZrSe2 nanostructured thick film shows hierarchical nanoparticles. The energy band gap of synthesized powder was calculated using a Tauc plot from UV-visible spectroscopy. The gas-sensing properties of ZrSe2 thick films were studied. The developed ZrSe2 thick films show maximum sensitivity and selectivity towards the ammonia NH3 gas at an operating temperature of 120 °C and the gas concentration was 500 ppm. The developed thick films show fast response and recovery time.Nowadays metal oxide nanoparticles and transition metal dichalcogenides play a vital role in various areas like optical sensors, solar cells, energy storage devices, gas sensors and biomedical applications. In the current research work, we synthesized ZrSe2 nanoparticles by hydrothermal method. The ZrSe2 nanoparticles were synthesis using precursors such as ZrOCl2.8H2O and Na2SeO3.5H2O in the addition of surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonia bromide CTAB and reductant hydrazine hydrate, respectively. By using synthesized ZrSe2 nanopowder thick films were developed on a glass substrate
using the screen printing method. The structural properties of ZrSe2 powder were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the hexagonal crystal structure and crystalline size were found to be 55.75 nm. The thick films of ZrSe2 were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The surface morphological analysis of ZrSe2 nanostructured thick film shows hierarchical nanoparticles. The energy band gap of synthesized powder was calculated using a Tauc plot from UV-visible spectroscopy. The gas-sensing properties of ZrSe2 thick films were studied. The developed ZrSe2 thick films show maximum sensitivity and selectivity towards the ammonia NH3 gas at an operating temperature of 120 °C and the gas concentration was 500 ppm. The developed thick films show fast response and recovery time.
Tanaji Patil, S M Nikam, R S Kamble, Rahul Patil, Mansing Takale, Satish Gangawane,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
The trimanganese tetraoxide (Mn3O4) nanostructured thin films doped with 2 mol % of nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo) ions were deposited by a simple electrophoretic deposition technique. The structural, optical, and morphological studies of these doped thin films were compared with pure Mn3O4 thin films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the tetragonal Hausmannite spinel structure. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provided information about the molecular composition of the thin films and the presence of specific chemical bonds. The optical study and band gap energy values of all thin films were evaluated by the UV visible spectroscopy technique. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrated the morphological modifications of the Mn3O4 thin films due to doping of the nickel and molybdenum ions. The Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method has confirmed the mesoporous nanostructure and nanopores of the thin films. The supercapacitive performance of the thin films was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) techniques using the three-electrode arrangement. An aqueous 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte was used for the electrochemical study. The 2 mol % Ni doped Mn3O4 thin film has shown maximum specific capacitance than pure and Mo doped Mn3O4 thin films. Hence, this study proved the validity of the strategy - metal ion doping of Mn3O4 thin films to develop it as a potential candidate for electrode material in the futuristic energy storage and transportation devices.
Dipali Potdar, Sushant Patil, Yugen Kulkarni, Niketa Pawar, Shivaji Sadale, Prashant Chikode,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
The Nickel tungsten (Ni-W) alloy was electrodeposited on stainless steel (SS) substrate using potentiostatic mode at room temperature. Potentiostatic electrodeposition was carried out by varying the deposition time. The physicochemical properties of Ni-W alloys were studied using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Electron Microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Recorded XRD spectra was compared with standard JCPDS card and the presence of Ni was confirmed, no such peaks for W were observed. Further study was extended for micro-Raman analysis. From Raman spectroscopy study the appearance of Ni-O and W6+=O bonds confirms that the Ni-W present in amorphous phase. Several cracks were observed in SEM images along with nanoparticles distributed over the electrode surface. The appearance of cracks may be correlated with the in-plane tensile stresses, lattice strains and stacking faults and may be related to the substrate confinements.
Muhammad Shahzad Sadiq, Muhammad Imran, Abdur Rafai, Muhammad Rizwan,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
With increasing energy demand and depletion of fossil fuel resources, it is pertinent to explore the renewable and eco-friendly energy resource to meet global energy demand. Recently, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as plausible candidates in the field of photovoltaics and considered as potential contender of silicon solar cells in the photovoltaic market owing to their superior optoelectronic properties, low-cost and high absorption coefficients. Despite intensive research, PSCs still suffer from efficiency, stability, and reproducibility issues. To address the concern, the charge transport material (CTM) particularly the electron transport materials (ETM) can play significant role in the development of efficient and stable perovskite devices. In the proposed research, we synthesized GO-Ag-TiO2 ternary nanocomposite by facile hydrothermal approach as a potential electron transport layer (ETL) in a regular planar configuration-based PSC. The as synthesized sample was examined for morphological, structural, and optical properties using XRD, and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques. XRD analysis confirmed the high crystallinity of prepared sample with no peak of impurity. The optimized GO-Ag-TiO2 ETL exhibited superior PCE of 8.72% with Jsc of 14.98 mA.cm-2 ,Voc of 0.99 V, and a fill factor of 58.83%. Furthermore, the efficiency enhancement in comparison with reference device is observed which confirms the potential role of doped materials in enhancing photovoltaic performance by facilitating efficient charge transport and reduced recombination. Our research suggests a facile route to synthesize a low-cost ETM beneficial for the commercialization of future perovskite devices.
Seyed Farzad Dehghaniyan, Shahriar Sharafi,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Mechanical alloying was employed to synthesize a nanostructured alloy with the chemical formula of (Fe80Ni20)1-xCrx (x= 0, 4). The microstructural and magnetic properties of the samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Additionally, theoretical calculations were performed using density functional theory (DFT) under the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). Simulations have demonstrated that an appropriate quantity of chromium (Cr) can dissolve within the BCC-Fe (Ni) structure, resulting in a favorable enhancement of the magnetic moment of the lattice. The XRD results indicated that after 96 hours of milling, Fe (Ni) and Fe (Ni, Cr) with a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure were formed. With increasing milling time, the grain size decreased while the microstrain increased. The saturation magnetization (Ms) of Fe80Ni20 composition increased up to 32 hours of milling, but further milling (up to 96 h) resulted in a decrease in the saturation magnetization However, for the (Fe80Ni20)96Cr4 powders, milling up to 64 h caused a reduction in Ms. The coercivity (Hc) trend was different and increased with longer milling times (up to 96 h) for both compositions.
Alireza Zibanejad-Rad, Ali Alizadeh, Seyyed Mehdi Abbasi,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Pressureless sintering was employed at 1400 °C to synthesize Ti matrix composites (TMCs) reinforced with in-situ TiB and TiC reinforcements using TiB2 and B4C initial reinforcements. The microstructure and wear behavior of the synthesized composites were evaluated and compared and the results showed that B4C caused the formation of TiB-TiC in-situ hybrid reinforcements in the Ti matrix. Also, TiB was in the form of blades/needles and whiskers, and TiC was almost equiaxed. Moreover, the volume fraction of the in-situ formed reinforcement using B4C was much higher than that formed using TiB2. In addition, although the hardness of the B4C-synthesized composites was higher, the composite synthesized using 3 wt.% TiB2 exhibited the highest hardness (425 HV). The wear test results showed that the sample synthesized using 3 wt.% TiB2 showed the lowest wear rate at 50 N, mainly because of its higher hardness. The dominant wear mechanism in the samples synthesized using 3 wt.% B4C was abrasive and delamination at 50 N and 100 N, respectively while in the samples synthesized 3 wt.% TiB2, a combination of delamination and adhesive wear and adhesive wear was ruling, respectively.
Wed Abed,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Satish Ahire, Ashwini Bachhav, Bapu Jagdale, Thansing Pawar, Prashant Koli, Dnyaneshwar Sanap, Arun Patil,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Hybrid photocatalysts, comprising both inorganic and organic polymeric components, are the most promising photocatalysts for the degradation of organic contaminants. The nanocomposite, Titania-Polyaniline (TiO2-PANI) was synthesized using the chemical oxidative polymerization method. Various characterization techniques were employed to assess the properties of the catalysts. The ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) analysis revealed that the TiO2 absorbs only UV light while the TiO2-PANI nanocomposite absorbs light from both UV and visible regions. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the presence of TiO2 (anatase) in both TiO2 nanoparticles and TiO2-PANI (Titania-Polyaniline) nanocomposite. The phases of the catalysts were verified through Raman, TEM, and SAED techniques where all results are in good agreement with each other. The average crystallite size of TiO2 nanoparticle and TiO2-PANI nanocomposite were 13.87 and 10.76 nm. The thermal stability of the catalysts was assessed by the Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) technique. The order of the thermal stability is TiO2 > TiO2-PANI > PANI. The crystal lattice characteristics were confirmed using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface area measurements were confirmed from the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) study and were employed for the evaluation of the photocatalytic efficiency of both, TiO2 nanoparticles and TiO2-PANI nanocomposite catalysts. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) study was employed for elemental detection of the fabricated materials. While Raman spectroscopy was employed for the chemical structure and the phase characteristics of the materials. The standard conditions for the degradation of the CF dye were 8 g/L of catalyst dosage, 20 mg/L of dye concentration, and a pH of 7. The TiO2-PANI nanocomposite exhibited superior efficiency as compared to pure TiO2 nanoparticles, achieving almost 100 % degradation in just 40 minutes.
Hadi Sharifidarabad, Alireza Zakeri, Mandana Adeli,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (9-2024)
Abstract
The sensitivity of lead dioxide coating properties to the deposition conditions and electrolyte composition has allowed the preparation of coatings with different properties for different applications. In this study, the effects of electrolyte additives on the electrodeposition process were investigated using electrochemical measurements such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that the presence of fluoride ions significantly reduce the possibility of TiO2 formation. The addition of copper ions not only prevents lead loss at the cathode, but also leads to the formation of copper oxide on the surface at initial stages, which hinders nucleation of PbO2. The presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) also interferes with the nucleation process as it occupies active nucleation sites. The α-PbO2 interlayer prevents copper oxidation and solves the problem of lead dioxide nucleation. Finally, it was found that the simultaneous use of all additives together with the α-PbO2 interlayer has a positive effect on the coating process.
